Genetics

Genetics is the study of how biological information is stored, transmitted, and expressed across generations. It focuses on genes—the segments of DNA that encode traits—and examines how variations, mutations, and regulatory mechanisms shape the characteristics of organisms. The field spans molecular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation, as well as patterns of inheritance, genetic diversity, and evolutionary change. Modern genetics also includes genome sequencing, gene editing, and the analysis of complex traits influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Together, these insights form the basis for advances in medicine, biotechnology, and our understanding of life’s fundamental mechanisms.